I meant to ask if the problem had happened before and if it could be due to some software modification (installation of new drivers for example.)

But now that you mention the artifacts, it's not normal. And even less so that it happens after being in hibernation (it would be logical for it to fail due to overheating after a long session.)

Which leads me to think that the graphics are messed up and it's not a matter of drivers. I suspect that you will be able to start up without problems in safe mode, but it will fail in a normal boot.

Edit: Try running MemTest or trying with a LiveCD of the Linux distribution that you are most comfortable with or like the most.