I connected the drive to other computers with Windows and Linux. I even took the drive out of its packaging and connected it directly through the SATA interface, but it didn't work.
I managed to find a solution on the Internet.
First, I managed to create a copy of the damaged drive with the help of "HDD Raw Copy Tool".
I loaded "Hetman Partition Recovery", the program found my RAW drive and ran a full scan. It found most of my files and recovered them successfully. Of course, not all files could be recovered, but I was lucky: I was able to recover the most important ones.